Each Shabbat, many congregations recite prayers for certain armed forces.\u00a0 In Israel, there is a prayer for the Israel Defense Force (IDF, \u05e6\u05d4”\u05dc) and other security services.\u00a0 Outside of Israel, there is often both the prayer for the IDF and for the local government\u2019s military.<\/p>\n
These prayers ask for God\u2019s blessing in a variety of sensible areas, such as military victory, safety of the forces, and the blessing of allowing those forces to return home.<\/p>\n
Recently I realized (and I must admit my embarrassment that this is only a recent realization) that there is something missing from these prayers.\u00a0 These prayers make no mention of a hope that these armed forces carry out their missions in a just and honorable manner.<\/p>\n
That military actions ought to be carried out in the most just manner possible is by definition true, even as we might debate exactly what we mean by \u201cmost just.\u201d Arguably, these concerns are a double-edged sword, as compassion for the enemy or for collateral damage might place us or our military forces in danger.\u00a0 Importantly, though, there are strong arguments that concerns for enemy combatants or collateral damage might make us and our forces more<\/em> safe.\u00a0 See, for example, \u201cPete Hegseth Is Doing Something Even Worse Than Breaking the Law<\/a>\u201d by conservative columnist and former JAG officer David French (gift link).<\/p>\n Laws of war are, of course, an institution reflected in our Torah, for example, the requirement of providing an opportunity for an enemy to surrender and restrictions on who may be killed at Deut. 20:10-18<\/a> and the rules concerning the war bride at Deut. 21:10-14<\/a>.\u00a0 Although modern laws of war go far beyond those Torah requirements, clearly many of these modern laws of war are improvements on the Torah\u2019s limited guidance.\u00a0 After all, it is well accepted that the Torah often creates a moral floor and not a ceiling (see e.g. the concepts of acting \u05dc\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df beyond the boundaries of the law<\/em> and considerations for the possibility of one being a \u05e0\u05d1\u05dc \u05d1\u05e8\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 scoundrel with the permission of the Torah<\/em>).<\/p>\n This past Shabbat we read of Jacob\u2019s encounter with his brother Esav years after Jacob tricked his father Isaac into giving Jacob a blessing intended for Esav.\u00a0 Prior to Jacob\u2019s encounter with Esav, we are told \u201c\u05d5\u05b7\u05d9\u05bc\u05b4\u05d9\u05e8\u05b8\u05a7\u05d0 \u05d9\u05b7\u05e2\u05b2\u05e7\u05b9\u059b\u05d1 \u05de\u05b0\u05d0\u05b9\u0596\u05d3 \u05d5\u05b7\u05d9\u05bc\u05b5\u05a3\u05e6\u05b6\u05e8 \u05dc\u0591\u05d5\u05b9 Jacob feared greatly and <\/em>was troubled<\/em>\u201d (Gen. 32:8<\/a>).\u00a0 In Bereshit Rabbah (76:2<\/a>, cited by Rashi on Gen. 32:8<\/a>) Rabbi Judah son of Ilai, noting the apparent redundancy, explains that Jacob \u201cfeared greatly\u201d lest he kill Esav, while Jacob was troubled lest he be killed.\u00a0 Poignantly, based on the order of the verse as well as the word choice, this construction of the verse suggests that Jacob was more troubled by the possibility that he might be forced to kill Esav than he was at the possibility that Esav might kill him.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n Admittedly, my concern in this regard was spurred by recent questions revolving around the United States Armed Forces follow-up attack on survivors of a recent attack on an alleged drug boat.\u00a0 But history is replete with examples of otherwise justified military actions being marred by inhumane actions of some members of military forces.\u00a0 Given the exigencies of military actions, it would be surprising if any significant military actions did not result in at least some moral failures.\u00a0 Therefore, \u00a0it seems to me that any time we voice rightful concern for the wellbeing of our military forces we ought to take at least a moment to express concern for others who might unjustly be affected by the actions of those military forces who act on our behalf.<\/p>\n I suggest adding, for example, the phrase \u05d4\u05d3\u05e8\u05d9\u05db\u05dd \u05dc\u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05d1\u05e6\u05d3\u05e7 \u05d5\u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 g<\/em>uide them to perform their duties with justice and righteousness<\/em> to our prayers for the military.<\/em><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/em>For the prayer for the IDF, I suggest placing this addition immediately before the phrase praying for fulfilment of the scriptural promise of God\u2019s fighting our battles, so that the military\u2019s righteousness becomes a justification for God\u2019s support (see example below).\u00a0 For other prayers for military forces, I suggest that if the prayer refers to a prayer for the safe return of soldiers (e.g. in the prayer found in the Koren Siddur \u05d4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d1\u05dd \u05d1\u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05dd \u05d0\u05dc \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea\u05dd return them in peace to their homes<\/em>), my proposed phrase should be added immediately before that prayer, since witnessing a colleague\u2019s unjust act or, worse yet, realizing that one\u2019s own actions may have fallen short morally, may cause trauma that remains with the soldier well after the return home.<\/p>\n Making a change to our public liturgy would be particularly effective in expressing this thought as a matter of critical communal concern.\u00a0 However, where public liturgical change is not possible, I would still encourage individuals to reflect on these values during the recitation of prayers for the military.<\/p>\n May God\u2019s mercy help inspire humanity to move toward a world with no need for violence.\u00a0 In the meanwhile, may we remain ever vigilant in doing what we can to minimize the devastating effect of military action.<\/p>\n Example – Prayer for the IDF<\/p>\n Basic text from here<\/a>.\u00a0 Translation my own.<\/p>\n \u05de\u05b4\u05d9 \u05e9\u05b6\u05c1\u05d1\u05b5\u05bc\u05e8\u05b7\u05da\u05b0 \u05d0\u05b2\u05d1\u05d5\u05b9\u05ea\u05b5\u05bd\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc \u05d0\u05b7\u05d1\u05b0\u05e8\u05b8\u05d4\u05b8\u05dd \u05d9\u05b4\u05e6\u05b0\u05d7\u05b8\u05e7 \u05d5\u05b0\u05d9\u05b7\u05e2\u05b2\u05e7\u05b9\u05d1, \u05d4\u05d5\u05bc\u05d0 \u05d9\u05b0\u05d1\u05b8\u05e8\u05b5\u05da\u05b0 \u05d0\u05b6\u05ea \u05d7\u05b7\u05d9\u05b8\u05bc\u05dc\u05b5\u05d9 \u05e6\u05b0\u05d1\u05b8\u05d0 \u05d4\u05b7\u05d4\u05b2\u05d2\u05b7\u05e0\u05b8\u05bc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05b0\u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05dc [\u05d5\u05b0\u05d0\u05b7\u05e0\u05b0\u05e9\u05b5\u05c1\u05d9 \u05db\u05b9\u05bc\u05d7\u05d5\u05b9\u05ea \u05d4\u05b7\u05d1\u05b4\u05bc\u05d8\u05b8\u05bc\u05d7\u05d5\u05b9\u05df] \u05d4\u05b8\u05e2\u05d5\u05b9\u05de\u05b0\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05b7\u05dc \u05de\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c1\u05de\u05b7\u05e8 \u05d0\u05b7\u05e8\u05b0\u05e6\u05b5\u05bd\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc \u05d5\u05b0\u05e2\u05b8\u05e8\u05b5\u05d9 \u05d0\u05b1-\u05dc\u05b9\u05d4\u05b5\u05bd\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc, \u05de\u05b4\u05d2\u05b0\u05bc\u05d1\u05d5\u05bc\u05dc \u05d4\u05b7\u05dc\u05b0\u05bc\u05d1\u05b8\u05e0\u05d5\u05b9\u05df \u05d5\u05b0\u05e2\u05b7\u05d3 \u05de\u05b4\u05d3\u05b0\u05d1\u05b7\u05bc\u05e8 \u05de\u05b4\u05e6\u05b0\u05e8\u05b7\u05bd\u05d9\u05b4\u05dd, \u05d5\u05bc\u05de\u05b4\u05df \u05d4\u05b7\u05d9\u05b8\u05bc\u05dd \u05d4\u05b7\u05d2\u05b8\u05bc\u05d3\u05d5\u05b9\u05dc \u05e2\u05b7\u05d3 \u05dc\u05b0\u05d1\u05d5\u05b9\u05d0 \u05d4\u05b8\u05e2\u05b2\u05e8\u05b8\u05d1\u05b8\u05d4 [\u05d5\u05bc\u05d1\u05b0\u05db\u05c7\u05dc \u05de\u05b8\u05e7\u05d5\u05b9\u05dd \u05e9\u05b6\u05c1\u05d4\u05b5\u05dd], \u05d1\u05b7\u05bc\u05d9\u05b7\u05bc\u05d1\u05b8\u05bc\u05e9\u05b8\u05c1\u05d4, \u05d1\u05b8\u05bc\u05d0\u05b2\u05d5\u05b4\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d5\u05bc\u05d1\u05b7\u05d9\u05b8\u05bc\u05dd.\u00a0 \u05d9\u05b4\u05ea\u05b5\u05bc\u05df \u05d9\u05b0\u05d9\u05b8 \u05d0\u05b6\u05ea \u05d0\u05d5\u05b9\u05d9\u05b0\u05d1\u05b5\u05bd\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc \u05d4\u05b7\u05e7\u05b8\u05bc\u05de\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05b8\u05dc\u05b5\u05bd\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc \u05e0\u05b4\u05d2\u05b8\u05bc\u05e4\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05b4\u05e4\u05b0\u05e0\u05b5\u05d9\u05d4\u05b6\u05dd! \u05d4\u05b7\u05e7\u05b8\u05bc\u05d3\u05d5\u05b9\u05e9\u05c1 \u05d1\u05b8\u05bc\u05e8\u05d5\u05bc\u05da\u05b0 \u05d4\u05d5\u05bc\u05d0 \u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c1\u05de\u05b0\u05e8\u05b5\u05dd \u05d5\u05b0\u05d9\u05b7\u05e6\u05b4\u05bc\u05d9\u05dc\u05b5\u05dd \u05de\u05b4\u05db\u05c7\u05bc\u05dc \u05e6\u05b8\u05e8\u05b8\u05d4 \u05d5\u05b0\u05e6\u05d5\u05bc\u05e7\u05b8\u05d4, \u05d5\u05bc\u05de\u05b4\u05db\u05c7\u05bc\u05dc \u05e0\u05b6\u05bd\u05d2\u05b7\u05e2 \u05d5\u05bc\u05de\u05b7\u05d7\u05b2\u05dc\u05b8\u05d4, \u05d5\u05b0\u05d9\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c1\u05dc\u05b7\u05d7 \u05d1\u05b0\u05bc\u05e8\u05b8\u05db\u05b8\u05d4 \u05d5\u05b0\u05d4\u05b7\u05e6\u05b0\u05dc\u05b8\u05d7\u05b8\u05d4 \u05d1\u05b0\u05bc\u05db\u05c7\u05dc \u05de\u05b7\u05e2\u05b2\u05e9\u05b5\u05c2\u05d4 \u05d9\u05b0\u05d3\u05b5\u05d9\u05d4\u05b6\u05dd. \u05d9\u05b7\u05d3\u05b0\u05d1\u05b5\u05bc\u05e8 \u05e9\u05c2\u05d5\u05b9\u05e0\u05b0\u05d0\u05b5\u05bd\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc \u05ea\u05b7\u05bc\u05d7\u05b0\u05ea\u05b5\u05bc\u05d9\u05d4\u05b6\u05dd, \u05d5\u05b4\u05d9\u05e2\u05b7\u05d8\u05b0\u05bc\u05e8\u05b5\u05dd \u05d1\u05b0\u05bc\u05db\u05b6\u05bd\u05ea\u05b6\u05e8 \u05d9\u05b0\u05e9\u05c1\u05d5\u05bc\u05e2\u05b8\u05d4 \u05d5\u05bc\u05d1\u05b7\u05e2\u05b2\u05d8\u05b6\u05bd\u05e8\u05b6\u05ea \u05e0\u05b4\u05e6\u05b8\u05bc\u05d7\u05d5\u05b9\u05df\u00a0 \u05d4\u05d3\u05e8\u05d9\u05db\u05dd \u05dc\u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05d1\u05e6\u05d3\u05e7 \u05d5\u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 \u05dc\u05de\u05e2\u05df \u05e9\u05d9\u05d6\u05db\u05d5 \u05e9\u05b4<\/span>\u05d9\u05e7\u05bb\u05d9\u05b7\u05bc\u05dd \u05d1\u05b8\u05bc\u05d4\u05b6\u05dd \u05d4\u05b7\u05db\u05b8\u05bc\u05ea\u05d5\u05bc\u05d1: \u05db\u05b4\u05bc\u05d9 \u05d4’ \u05d0\u05b1-\u05dc\u05b9\u05d4\u05b5\u05d9\u05db\u05b6\u05dd \u05d4\u05b7\u05d4\u05b9\u05dc\u05b5\u05da\u05b0 \u05e2\u05b4\u05de\u05b8\u05bc\u05db\u05b6\u05dd \u05dc\u05b0\u05d4\u05b4\u05dc\u05b8\u05bc\u05d7\u05b5\u05dd \u05dc\u05b8\u05db\u05b6\u05dd \u05e2\u05b4\u05dd \u05d0\u05b9\u05d9\u05b0\u05d1\u05b5\u05d9\u05db\u05b6\u05dd \u05dc\u05b0\u05d4\u05d5\u05b9\u05e9\u05b4\u05c1\u05d9\u05e2\u05b7 \u05d0\u05b6\u05ea\u05b0\u05db\u05b6\u05dd. \u05d5\u05b0\u05e0\u05b9\u05d0\u05de\u05b7\u05e8: “\u05d0\u05b8\u05de\u05b5\u05df”.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n May the one who blessed our ancestors, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob bless the soldiers of the Israel Defense Force and the security services who stand in protection of our land and the cities of our God from the Lebanon border to the Egyptian desert and from the great sea to the approach of the Aravah and wherever they may be, on land, in the air, and the sea.\u00a0 May God cause our enemies who rise up against to be struck down before them!\u00a0 May the Blessed Holy One watch over them and deliver them from every trouble and distress, and from all injury and illness, and send blessing and success to all their handiwork. May their enemies be subdued beneath them, and crown them with the crown of salvation and victory.\u00a0 Guide them to perform their duties with justice and righteousness so that they may merit<\/span> that that which is written be fulfilled through them: \u201cFor it is the LORD your God goes out with them to fight for them with their enemies to save you.\u201d \u00a0(Deuteronomy 20:4<\/a>) And let us say, Amen.<\/p>\n