by Rabbi Richard Wolpoe
Disclaimer: The opinions expressed here are that of the writer and do not necessarily represent the views of the Union for Traditional Judaism, unless otherwise indicated.
It is amazing how people can misperceive old constructs by viewing them with modern eyes. For example, some are uncomfortable with the fact that Jacob had four wives. Well, in those days, polygamy was accepted and common. How could Thomas Jefferson have stood for Liberty when he was a slave-holder? Well, in those days, many fine people were slave-holders.
Yetziv Pitgam and Akdamut are said only on Shavuot. Yetziv Pitgam still follows the first verse of the Hafatara on the second day of Shavuot. And Akdamut used to follow the first verse of the first day’s Torah reading. But the Taz (a 17th- century commentator) was shocked to see this Aramaic poem interrupt the Torah reading. So Akamut was moved to be recited before the first brakhah on the Torah. (Note: German Jews, following Wolf Heidenheim, never moved the position of Akdamut. They still recite it following the first pasuk [verse]. Read on to find out why!)
Furthermore, what are these Aramaic poems doing anyway? Virtually all piyyutim (liturgical poems) are in Hebrew, some in “friendly Hebrew” like ibn Ezra, and some in obscure Hebrew as in Kallir. But Aramaic?
The “modern” answer is that they must be highly esoteric and therefore Kabbalistic!
Aramaic might be esoteric nowadays, but if we go back far enough, it was the common vernacular.
Let us go back to the year 600. What did the Torah reading look like? Or better yet, what did it sound like? Every Torah verse – with a few exceptions – was followed by the Aramaic Targum. Every verse was translated publicly into the Aramaic Targum, and it was not considered a hefsek (an interruption).
So what is Akdamut? It is an Aramaic introduction to the Targum on the Torah reading of the day! Nothing esoteric – albeit quite poetic and mystical, as is any piyyut!
Yetziv Pitgam is the introduction to the Targum Yonatan on the Haftara! This is virtually explicit in the passage “Yehonatan gvar invetan” where the translator is mentioned by name. But “misperceivers” have somehow (mistakenly) read this as a reference to Moses. Yet this cannot be. Yetziv Pitgam is in the language of the Targum because it serves as a poetic segue into the Targum.
And therefore: Neither poem is a hefsek. Each follows the first pasuk and is in Aramaic simply as an introduction.
Chag Samei’ach!
Enjoying UTJ Viewpoints?
UTJ relies on your support to promote an open-minded approach to Torah rooted in classical sources and informed by modern scholarship. Please consider making a generous donation to support our efforts.
Rabbi Richard Wolpoe is a longtime board member of the Union for Traditional Judaism and faculty of the Institute for Traditional Judaism. Rabbi Wolpoe graduated Yeshiva of Hartford and then attended both Yeshivat Ner Yisrael in Baltimore and in Toronto, before graduating Yeshiva College, with a major in History, in 1973.
He continued his studies, receiving semikha (rabbinic ordination) from Yeshiva University’s Yeshivat Rabbeinu Yitzchak Elchanan (RIETS). He previously served as Rabbi at Congregation Beth Jacob of Astoria and Congregation Ohav Sholaum of Washington Heights-Inwood.
Rabbi Wolpoe is also a mashgiach in Bergen County and a contributor to Nishma.org.
Born in Hartford, Conn., Rabbi Wolpoe now lives in Teaneck with his wife Ramona and two children, Chana Yocheved and Zvi.